Eswatini Enabling Environment baseline snapshot

Eswatini, an absolute monarchy, remains classified as a "closed" country according to the latest CIVICUS rating, with a legislative environment that continues to be hostile toward civil society and human rights defenders. Laws such as the Public Order Act of 2017, the Suppression of Terrorism Act of 2008 and the Sedition and Subversive Act of 1938 are frequently weaponised by the state to suppress dissent and silence critics. The proposed NGO Bill of 2024, if enacted in its current form, is expected to severely curtail the civic space even further. Additionally, King’s Proclamation of 12 April 1973, which banned political parties and progressive organisations under the late King Sobhuza II, remains in effect despite the adoption of the 2005 Constitution. Under the current legal framework, such organisations are still prohibited from registering or operating legally. Civil society and political activism continue to face serious challenges. The sentencing of pro-democracy Members of Parliament Mthandeni Dube and Mduduzi Bacede Mabuza, along with the ongoing arrests of students and activists, highlight the persistent repression and violations of fundamental freedoms in the country.