Cho, Yoonyoung; Honorati, Maddalena, 2013, Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta Regression Analysis, Meta-analysis of evaluations, World Bank Human Development Network Social protection and Labor Unit, Washington DC.

2.1 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

2.1.10. Improving linkages between formal and informal economy

Recommendation: 4. Engage the private sector in program delivery of entrepreneurship development activities as it can enhance effectiveness. Linkages between learners and the private sector are established and content is rendered appropriate to the existing business context.

Reference: Cho, Yoonyoung; Honorati, Maddalena, 2013, Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta Regression Analysis, Meta-analysis of evaluations, World Bank Human Development Network Social protection and Labor Unit, Washington DC.

Evidence sample: the meta analysis determined that involving the private sector in program delivery (entrepreneurship development) can enhance the effectiveness.

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2.3 DIRECT ACTIONS IN COMMUNITIES

2.3.2 Entrepreneurship: Capacity strengthening on economic activities

Recommendation: 1. Conduct needs analysis to determine the service support needs of the IE members. This should include, in addition to training on entrepreneurship and other related subjects, attention to the complete (holistic) personal situation of the community members. This would entail their social, psychological, economic, health, education situation. Rather than implementing actions to address all the identified needs, however, projects/programmes can identify and provide linkages to external available services.

Reference: Cho, Yoonyoung; Honorati, Maddalena, 2013, Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta Regression Analysis, Meta-analysis of evaluations, World Bank Human Development Network Social protection and Labor Unit, Washington DC.

Evidence sample: The meta-analysis found that the impacts of combinations of interventions vary depending on the target groups and specific context. Overall, entrepreneurship programs have a positive and large impact for youth and on business knowledge and practice, but no immediate translation into business set-up and expansion or increased income.

The meta analysis also concluded that package providing both training and financing seems to perform better in promoting labour market activities. However, training alone can be quite useful to improve business knowledge and practice, and financing alone does well in enhancing business performance by releasing credit constraints. This suggests that more customised interventions can enhance cost effectiveness depending on the outcomes of interest and the constraints. (note:  labour market outcomes include employment, business creation, hours of work, earnings, and profits and business performance to supply side changes such as improved technical and non-cognitive skills, business knowledge and practice, attitudes, aspirations, and more active financial behaviour (borrowing, saving).

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2.3 DIRECT ACTIONS IN COMMUNITIES

2.3.2 Entrepreneurship: Capacity strengthening on economic activities

Recommendation: 10. Note when designing community level projects on IE that a meta-analysis of entrepreneurship development programs found projects oriented to youth and urban populations were more likely to have positive impacts. If working in rural areas, project design will need to be especially well detailed with solid theory of change and include intensive technical support.

Reference: Cho, Yoonyoung; Honorati, Maddalena, 2013, Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta Regression Analysis, Meta-analysis of evaluations, World Bank Human Development Network Social protection and Labor Unit, Washington DC.

Evidence sample: Program impacts estimated for youth and the urban population are more likely to be positive and significant than estimates for impact of projects for the general population.

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2.3 DIRECT ACTIONS IN COMMUNITIES

2.3.5 Micro finance

Recommendation: 4. Note that analysis shows that linking NGOs together with banks or Micro Finance institutions is more likely to be associated with success (as opposed to delivering programs solely through banks or Micro Finance institutions).

Reference: Cho, Yoonyoung;  Honorati, Maddalena, 2013, Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta Regression Analysis, Meta-analysis of evaluations, World Bank Human Development Network Social protection and Labor Unit, Washington DC.

Evidence sample: The meta analysis concluded that, compared to having multiple agencies involved in program delivery, the programs delivered solely through banks or Micro Finance Institutes which are less likely to be associated with program success. NGOs are associated, though weakly, with better performance. This finding suggests that programs could work better when delivered by providers that have strong connections with the beneficiaries and are familiar with local contexts.

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2.3 DIRECT ACTIONS IN COMMUNITIES

2.3.5 Micro finance

Recommendation: 7. Note that analysis shows that access to credit probably plays a greater role in improving business performance than training. Training alone is, however, still strongly associated with business performance of youth and higher education individuals, especially in the studies where business training was provided for these entrepreneurs.

Reference: Cho, Yoonyoung;  Honorati, Maddalena, 2013, Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta Regression Analysis, Meta-analysis of evaluations, World Bank Human Development Network Social protection and Labor Unit, Washington DC.

Evidence sample: The meta analysis concluded that, access to credit probably plays a greater role in improving business performance than training. That being said, training alone is strongly associated with business performance of youth and higher education individuals, especially in the studies where business training was provided for these entrepreneurs.

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2.3 DIRECT ACTIONS IN COMMUNITIES

2.3.6. Vocational education/skills training

Recommendation: 22) Include life skills and other training in TVET programming as it is critical to help prepare graduates for jobs. The inclusion of life skills and other soft skills training will help ensure that they can build sufficient confidence to implement their technical skills.

Reference: Cho, Yoonyoung;  Honorati, Maddalena, 2013, Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta Regression Analysis, Meta-analysis of evaluations, World Bank Human Development Network Social protection and Labor Unit, Washington DC.

Evidence sample: The meta analysis concluded that vocational training has the best chance of program success, especially when it is complemented with either counselling or financing services.

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2.4 APPROACHES TO ENHANCE LIVELIHOODS, EQUITY AND INCLUSION

2.4.6. Strengthening IE with attention to youth and children

Recommendation: 

1) Ensure that IE projects include attention to the issues of children and youth. In particular,  the importance of their education instead of engaging them in child labour. The involvement of youth is highly associated with results success.

Reference: Cho, Yoonyoung; Honorati, Maddalena, 2013, Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries: A Meta Regression Analysis, Meta-analysis of evaluations, World Bank Human Development Network Social protection and Labor Unit, Washington DC.

Evidence sample: For nearly all outcomes, especially on labour market activities and business performance, youth is highly associated with program success. This is largely driven by youth-targeted programs that present strong impacts, such as Uganda’s vocational training program (Blattman et al., 2012) and Tunisia’s business training for college graduates