Dazé, Webb, Julie; Angie, 2010, Livelihood security in a changing climate: Insights from a program evaluation in Timor Leste, Impact evaluation, Evaluation covers analysis of evaluations of 4 projects in Timor Leste, CARE, Australia.

2.2 Decent work and enterprise growth

2.2.4 Environment and sustainable management and the Informal Economy 

Recommendation: 5. Ensure that programming on livelihoods of people dependent on the IE responds to current and future climate hazards includes a rigorous, detailed, and participatory analysis of livelihoods and vulnerability to climate change and disasters. A comprehensive and rigorous analysis should start with identification and quantification of production data that includes staple, non-staple and non-food production; purchases; wild food collection; market and food processing situations and expenditure choices. It should include identification of the current hazards that affect the target population, including their characteristics, seasonality, frequency, severity, and variability. It also involves assessment of the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of the target population to the identified hazards, to gain a better understanding of who is affected, by which hazards, how, to what degree and why they are affected. The analysis must be disaggregated by gender, wealth and/or IE dependent group. It should also consider any other significant aspects that may affect vulnerability within communities or households.

Reference: Dazé, Webb, Julie; Angie, 2010, Livelihood security in a changing climate: Insights from a program evaluation in Timor Leste, Impact evaluation, Evaluation covers analysis of evaluations of 4 projects in Timor Leste, CARE, Australia.

Evidence sample: The evaluation concluded that the necessary starting point for designing livelihoods programming that responds to current and future climate hazards is a rigorous, detailed, and participatory analysis of livelihoods and vulnerability to climate change and disasters. A comprehensive and rigorous analysis should start with identification and some degree of  quantification of production data that includes staple, non-staple and non-food production; purchases; wild food collection; and expenditure choices. It should include identification of the current hazards that affect the target population, including their characteristics, seasonality, frequency, severity, and variability. It also involves assessment of the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of the target population to the identified hazards, to gain a better understanding of who is affected, by which hazards, how, to what degree and why they are affected. This analysis must be disaggregated by gender, wealth and/or livelihood group, and any other significant differences that may affect vulnerability within communities or households.

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2.2 Decent work and enterprise growth

2.2.4 Environment and sustainable management and the Informal Economy 

Recommendation: 8. Promote the development of a range of strategies to support people dependent on the IE in locations where climate hazards are to affect livelihoods. Support households in managing risks. As well as supporting diversification within agriculture, support creation of opportunities outside agriculture, such as handicraft production and sale or work as tradespeople. Strategies for livelihood diversification must be planned based on sound analysis, capturing the full range of hazards people are exposed to, how these hazards interact with each other, and how they affect existing and planned livelihood activities.

Reference: Dazé, Webb, Julie; Angie, 2010, Livelihood security in a changing climate: Insights from a program evaluation in Timor Leste, Impact evaluation, Evaluation covers analysis of evaluations of 4 projects in Timor Leste, CARE, Australia.

Evidence sample: The evaluation indicated that, in contrast with the poorest households, who are heavily reliant on maize production and therefore strongly vulnerable to climate hazards, comparatively better-off households in Liquica District are able to employ a greater range of different livelihood strategies. Diversity and expandability of these alternative livelihood options mean that households can adjust relative contributions to meet food and income needs when a particular component of their livelihoods is affected by a stress or shock. Because wealthier household have a wider range of less climate-sensitive alternatives available to them, they are less vulnerable to climate hazards.

One way to reduce vulnerability of poor households is to support them in managing risks by assisting them to diversify their livelihood strategies. As well as supporting diversification within agriculture, it may also involve creation of opportunities for diversification to income sources outside agriculture, such as handicraft production and sale or work as tradespeople. Strategies for livelihood diversification must be planned based on the sound analysis recommended above, capturing the full range of hazards people are exposed to, how these hazards interact with each other, and how they affect existing and planned livelihood activities.

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2.4 APPROACHES TO ENHANCE LIVELIHOODS, EQUITY AND INCLUSION

2.4.5. Strengthening IE with attention to gender issues

Recommendation: 1) Promote the carrying out of gender analysis on IE issues. This should include analysis to reach an understanding of:

• Gender roles and responsibilities in the household and the community
• Differences in access to and control over resources and decision-making,
• Factors that constrain or facilitate equal participation of women and men in community development processes. the different capacities, needs and priorities of women and men.
• Draw on the existing knowledge and capacities of men, women, boys and girls.

Reference: Dazé, Webb, Julie; Angie, 2010, Livelihood security in a changing climate: Insights from a program evaluation in Timor Leste, Impact evaluation, Evaluation covers analysis of evaluations of 4 projects in Timor Leste, CARE, Australia.

Evidence sample: the evaluation recommended a thorough gender analysis, providing an understanding of gender roles and responsibilities in the household and the community, differences in access to and control over resources and decision-making, and factors that constrain or facilitate equal participation of women and men in community development processes. Gender analysis must also examine the different capacities, needs and priorities of women and men for adapting their livelihoods to climate change. Building on this analysis, program interventions must draw on the existing knowledge and capacities of men, women, boys and girls.

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2.4 APPROACHES TO ENHANCE LIVELIHOODS, EQUITY AND INCLUSION

2.4.5. Strengthening IE with attention to gender issues

Recommendation: 21) Note that the strategies for addressing different vulnerable groups within the same project may need to vary.  The interaction between gender, race, and other categories of difference in individual lives, social practices, institutional arrangements, disaster risks and cultural ideologies may require different approaches. This needs to be taken into account when implementing projects that include a range of types and combinations of vulnerability.

Reference: Dazé, Webb, Julie; Angie, 2010, Livelihood security in a changing climate: Insights from a program evaluation in Timor Leste, Impact evaluation, Evaluation covers analysis of evaluations of 4 projects in Timor Leste, CARE, Australia.

Evidence sample: the evaluation noted that factors that make some groups especially vulnerable are deeper structural and systemic issues, related to social and political marginalisation, cultural rules and norms and inequitable access to resources and services. This means that livelihoods programs must go deeper in analysing and responding to differential vulnerability.