Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture

Related to SDG 6.1.1

Indicator Definition:

The  Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) measures the empowerment, agency, and inclusion of women in the agriculture sector in five domains:

1. decisions about agricultural production,
2. access to and decision-making power over productive resources,
3. control over use of income,
4. leadership in the community, and
5. time use.

It also measures women’s empowerment relative to men within their households. It is an aggregate index comprised of two sub-indexes; The five domains of empowerment - Production, Resources, Income, Leadership and Time (5DE) and Gender Parity Index (GPI) ,based on both sub-indexes, the WEAI is thus an aggregate index that shows the degree to which women are empowered in their households and communities and the degree of inequality between women and men within the household.

Method of Computation:

The total WEAI score is computed as a weighted sum of the country- or regional-level 5DE and the GPI.

For more information please follow link: http://www.oired.vt.edu/wgd/USAIDFeedTheFutureWomen%27sEmpowermentInAgricultureIndex.pdf

Indicator Definition:
Food consumption expenditure refers to the monetary value of acquired food, purchased and non purchased, including non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages as well as food expenses on away from home consumption in bars, restaurants, food courts, work canteens, street vendors, etc. Total consumption expenditure refers to the monetary value of acquired goods for consumption, food and non-food items, consumed by members of the household. (Excludes non-consumption expenses such as direct taxes, subscriptions, insurance premiums, etc.)
Method of Computation:
{(Food expenditure /Total amount of HH expenditure} x 100

The gender wage gap measures the relative difference between the average hourly earnings for men and the average hourly earnings for women. It is computed as the difference between the gross average hourly earnings of male and female employees expressed as percentage of gross average hourly earnings of male employees. Earnings refers to regular remuneration received from employers, in cash and in kind, and includes direct wages and salaries for time worked or work done, remuneration for time not worked (e.g. paid annual leave), as well as bonuses and gratuities that are regularly received. It excludes contributions paid by employers to social security and pension schemes in respect of their employees, benefits received by employees under these schemes, and severance and termination pay. 

Method of Computation: Average Hourly Earnings = Total earnings for paid employees in occupation/ Total hours worked by paid employees in occupation

Indicator Definition:
Household income is a measure of the combined incomes of all people sharing a particular household or place of residence.   Household Disposable Income is calculated through the aggregation of  five income components:

E: employee income;
KI: capital and property income;
SEI: income from self-employment;
TRR: current transfers received, including transfers from social security;
TRP: current transfers paid, including direct taxes on income and wealth, social security contributions paid by households.

Method of computation:
(Wages and salaries + mixed income + net property income + net current transfers and social benefits other than social transfers in kind) - (taxes on income and wealth and social security contributions paid by employees, the self-employed and the unemployed)

This indicator is related to SDG 8.7.1
Indicator Definition:
From Unicef: Proportion (and number) of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labour is the number of children aged 5-17 years who are reported to have been engaged in child labour in the past week divided by the total number of children aged 5-17 in the population. UNICEF’s standard indicator definition for child labour includes the following:

Age 5 to 11 years: At least 1 hour of economic work or 28 hours of unpaid household services per week.
Age 12 to 14 years: At least 14 hours of economic work or 28 hours of unpaid household services per week.
Age 15 to 17 years: At least 43 hours of economic or unpaid household services per week.

From ILO: The term child labour reflects the engagement of children in prohibited work and, more generally, in types of work to be eliminated as socially and morally undesirable as guided by national legislation, the ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138), and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), their respective supplementing Recommendations (Nos 146 and 190), and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The statistical measurement framework for child labour is structured around (i) the age of the child; (ii) the productive  activities  of the child, including their nature and the conditions under which these are performed, and the duration  of engagement by the child in such activities. For the purpose of statistical measurement, children engaged in child labour include all persons aged 5 to 17 years who, during a specified time period, were engaged in one or more of the following categories of activities:

worst forms of child labour, (as described in paragraphs 17–30, 18th ICLS resolution);
employment below the minimum age, (as described in paragraphs 32 and 33 of the 18th ICLS resolution); and
hazardous unpaid household services, (as described in paragraphs 36 and 37 of the 18th ICLS resolution), applicable where the general production boundary is used as the measurement framework.

Method of Computation: Child Labour rate (%) = { Number of children in child labour aged 5 to 17 / Total number of children aged 5 to 17} x 100

Indicator Definition:
The proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment or training, also known as "the NEET rate", conveys the number of young persons not in education, employment or training as a percentage of the total youth population. NEET provides a measure of youth who are outside the educational system, not in training and not in employment, and thus serves as a broader measure of potential youth labour market entrants than youth unemployment. A high NEET rate as compared with the youth unemployment rate could mean that a large number of youth are discouraged workers or do not have access to education or training. A high NEET rate among females as compared with males is often an indication of gender imbalances, with female youth engaged in household chores such as washing clothes, cooking, cleaning and taking care of siblings.
Method of Computation:
NEET (%) = { Number of youth- (Number of youth in employment + Number of youth not in employment who are in education or training) / Total number of Youth} × 100
The above formulation is particularly straightforward for data users, and it indicates that youth that are both in employment and education/training simultaneously should not be double counted when subtracted from the total number of youth 

This indicator is related to SDG 8.5.2
Indicator Definition:
Persons in unemployment are defined as all those of working age (usually persons aged 15 and above) who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period and were currently available to take up employment given a job opportunity. To favour international comparability, the working-age population is often defined as all persons aged 15 and older, but this may vary from country to country based on national laws and practices (some countries also apply an upper age limit). (Source: ILO)
Method of Computation:
The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the total number of unemployed (for a country or a specific group of workers) by the corresponding labour force, which itself is the sum of the total persons employed and unemployed in the country or group.

This indicator is related to SDG 1.1.1 

Method of Calculation:

Taking the latest available proportion of people living below $1.90 a day for each country in which the EU has external action programmes from the EU programme database; Multiplying this number by the population for the country in that same year. Adding the above numbers for all the countries in which the EU has external action programmes together. This will give the first element of the proportion of people living below $1.90 a day Adding together the population of all the countries in which the EU has external action programmes. This will give the second element for a weighted proportion of people living  below $1.90 a day Dividing the first element by the second element. This will give the weighted proportion of the population living below the $1.90 a day.

Indicator Definition:
The Coping Strategy Index (CSI), a tool developed by the World Food Programme, is commonly used as a proxy indicator for access to food. It is a weighted score that allows measurement of the frequency and severity of coping strategies. It is based on a series of questions about how households manage to cope with a shortfall in food for consumption, and the result is expressed as a simple numeric score. The higher the CSI, the more food insecure a household is, as a household is using coping strategies more frequently and/or more severe ones.
Method of Computation:
The CSI of a household is calculated by multiplying the  frequency of coping strategies used in the last thirty days with their respective severity weights. The sum of the scores is then used to determine the CSI. Data is collected on the number of days in the last thirty days a household used a specific coping strategy due to a shortage of food and/or income. A thirty day recall period is used to make the CSI as precise as possible.

Indicator Definition:
Number of individuals leaving their country due to lack of adequate food supply (Food Crises)

Indicator Definition:

This indicator measures the percentage of individuals in the population who have experienced food insecurity at moderate or severe levels during the reference period. The severity of food insecurity, defined as a latent trait, is measured on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale global reference scale, a measurement standard established by FAO through the application of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale in more than 140 countries worldwide, starting in 2014.

Method of Computation:

A raw score (an integer number with a value between zero and eight), is obtained as the sum of affirmative responses given to the eight FIES questions. For data that pass the validation tests, the raw score in itself is already an ordinal measure of severity, with lower raw scores corresponding to less severe food insecurity. The prevalence of food insecurity in the population is  given by the weighted sum of the raw score-specific probabilities. The weighted proportions of cases with each raw score in the population are used as weights.

Indicator Definition:
Number of months the target HHs report that they do not have sufficient amounts of food to feed the family.

Related to SDG 3.8.1

Related to SDG 3.7.2

Indicator Definition:
The percentage of women aged 15 to 49 with inadequate levels of  micronutrients such as iron, vitamin B12, folate, iodine and vitamin A. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Iron Women 14-18 years 15mg, 27mg during pregnancy, 10 mg during lactation. Women aged 19-50 years is 18mg, 27 mg during pregnancy, 9 mg during lactation. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Vitamin B12 for Women above 14 years is 2.4 micrograms, 2.6 micrograms during pregnancy, 2.8 micrograms during lactation. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)s for vitamin A are given as mcg of retinol activity equivalents (RAE). RDA for Vitamin A in women 14-18 years is 700 microgram RAE, during pregnancy is 750 mcg RAE, during lactation is 1,200 mcg RAE. For women between 19-50 years, it is 700 mcg RAE, 770 mcg RAE during pregnancy, 1,300 mcg RAE during lactation.
Method of Computation:
(Number of women aged 15 to 49 with inadequate micronutrients / Total number of women aged 15 to 49 screened for micronutrient deficiencies during a specified period) x 100

Indicator Definition:
Prevalence of anaemia among women of reproductive age refers to the combined prevalence of both non-pregnant women with haemoglobin levels below 12 grams per decilitre of blood (g/dL) and pregnant women with haemoglobin levels below 11 g/dL who are considered anaemic (WHO, 2001; WHO, 2006). WHO (2000) has defined anaemia as mild, moderate, or severe based on the following cut-off values (g/dl) for hemoglobin levels for non pregnant women: Mild=11-11.9, Moderate=8.0-10.9, Severe=

Indicator Definition:
Adequate nutrition is especially critical for:

women, because inadequate nutrition has an impact not only on women's health but also on the health of their children;
adolescent girls because they are growing faster than at any time after their first year of life, and bodies of the still-growing adolescent mother and her baby may compete for nutrients, raising the infant's risk of low birth weight (defined as a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams) and early death.

The term "malnutrition" addresses 3 broad groups of conditions: undernutrition, which includes wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age); micronutrient-related malnutrition, which includes micronutrient deficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals) or micronutrient excess; and overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers).           
Method of Computation: 
The prevalence of these forms of malnutrition is calculated by measuring the presence of malnutrition in a sample of the population selected randomly, then dividing the number of people with that particular form of malnutrition by the number of people in whom it was measured. 
Level of disaggregation: Age, Location, Ethnicity when appropriate

This indicator is related to SDG 2.2.2

Indicator Definition:

Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term "malnutrition" addresses 3 broad groups of conditions: undernutrition, which includes wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age); micronutrient-related malnutrition, which includes micronutrient deficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals) or micronutrient excess; and overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers).  



Method of Computation:

The prevalence of these forms of malnutrition is calculated by measuring the presence of malnutrition in a sample of the population selected randomly, then dividing the number of people with that particular form of malnutrition by the number of people in whom it was measured.      



Level of disaggregation: Sex